The Future of Hedge Fund Regulation - US

The Future of Hedge Fund Regulation - US

Summary
Over the last couple of years there has been a lot of political discourse about the need for greater regulation of the financial industry, including hedge funds. Much of the information (and rumors) about possible hedge fund regulation is somewhat contradictory. We will wade through the debate and provide a summary of current proposals for hedge fund regulation in the US and discuss hedge fund regulation in the EU and other countries.

Though it was highly regulated financial institutions that are widely believed to be the cause of the recent financial crisis and subsequent economic malaise, there is talk of regulating hedge funds and private equity firms as well. There have been a huge number of proposals for regulating hedge funds ranging from registration requirements for just the largest to funds, to almost authoritarian regulation for all private money managers. However, the current proposals with the most support appear to be hedge fund registration requirements, without significant additional oversight.

Current Hedge Fund Regulations
Under the existing system hedge funds and private equity firms are far less regulated than mutual funds and other investment vehicles open to the public. Though some hedge funds are registered with the SEC, a couple clauses in the Investment Company Act of 1940 allow must hedge funds to operate without registering with the SEC or any other government agency. Probably fewer than half of all hedge funds are currently registered as investment advisors with the SEC. For funds that are registered, the SEC requires certain filings, but does not provide operational oversight.

The Need for Hedge Fund Regulation
Hedge funds were clearly not the major players in the current financial crisis. However, the $50 billion fraud perpetrated by Bernard Madoff sparked plenty of public outrage and there have been a couple of multi billion dollar hedge fund failures since 2007. Additionally, many politicians still fear another hedge fund collapse ala Long Term Capital Management, the giant hedge fund that collapsed in 1998 and necessitated a Federal Reserve orchestrated bailout.

Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner voiced his concern in April, "Today, the consequences of (hedge funds') failure is greater. They need to be subject to a higher set of standards.”

Proposals for Regulating Hedge Funds and Recent Developments (2009)
In January 2009, Senators Charles Grassley (R-Iowa) and Carl Levin (D-Mich.) introduced the Hedge Fund Transparency Act of 2009. The Act would affect funds with more than $50 million in assets (“large firms”). All funds in excess of $50 million would be required to register with the SEC and maintain books and records according to SEC requirements. It would also require disclosure of including information regarding the identity (including addresses) of the fund’s “beneficial owners,” the amount of the fund’s assets, the fund’s equity structure, affiliations the fund may have with other financial institutions, the minimum investment commitment required of investors, and the total number of investors. The bill did not get to a vote.

In March of 2009, Larry Summers , Director of the National Economic Council for Barack Obama, said the U.S. wants large hedge funds and private-equity firms to be subjected to "rigorous public scrutiny," compared with the minimal oversight they now face. Before joining the Obama Administration, Summers was a Managing Director with one of the worlds largest hedge funds, D.E. Shaw Group.

Then in late April, President Obama lashed out at hedge funds refusing to accept a government offer for Chrysler debt. "A group of investment firms and hedge funds decided to hold out for the prospect of an unjustified taxpayer-funded bailout," Obama said, "They were hoping that everybody else would make sacrifices, and they would have to make none. Some demanded twice the return that other lenders were getting. I don't stand with them."

In July, the Obama Administration, released TG-214, a fact sheet with the Administration’s proposals for regulating hedge funds. Funds with more than $30 million would be required to register with the SEC. Once registered funds would be subject to:
• Substantial regulatory reporting requirements with respect to the assets, leverage, and off-balance sheet exposure of their advised private funds
• Disclosure requirements to investors, creditors, and counterparties of their advised private funds
• Strong conflict-of-interest and anti-fraud prohibitions
• Robust SEC examination and enforcement authority and recordkeeping requirements
• Requirements to establish a comprehensive compliance program
The main rationale for the above requirements is to “protect the financial system from systemic risk”

The most recent House of Representatives proposal for hedge fund regulation, from Aug 6, 2009, seems to have lost some of the initial enthusiasm and would regulate hedge funds under less-stringent conditions than banks and lenders. According to House Financial Services Chairman, Barney Frank, “How can you regulate a hedge fund like a mortgage? It doesn’t make any sense. It will be a form appropriate to them.” In apparent moment of bipartisanship, both Democrats and Republicans seem to be in agreement that hedge fund and private equity firms should be more lightly regulated than other traditional financial firms. It should also be noted that hedge fund industry groups spent almost $4 million in lobbying in the first half of 2009.

Hedge Fund Regulation in Europe
Europe has been quicker to attempt hedge fund regulation and proposals there have generally been more severe than in the US. Likewise, hedge funds and private equity firms in the EU have been more vocal in their opposition to regulation than their US counterparts. The most contentious issue in EU hedge fund regulation appears to be an attempt to limit or place caps on the amount of leverage funds can employ. Because of the possibility of regulatory arbitrage, look for the EU and US to finalize regulations that are relatively consistent.

When Will We Get New Hedge Fund Regulations?
Though there are ongoing talks, there is currently no bill for hedge fund regulation in Congress that is likely to pass. It is unlikely any new regulation will be finalized until 2010. Because compliance with new rules could be costly and time consuming, it is conceivable that new hedge fund regulations might not be enforceable until 2011.

Hedge Funds Skeptical of Uncle Sam

According to Reuters, many hedge fund managers are leery of US intervention in the capital markets, from banking bailouts to Chrysler and the automakers.

According to Sean Mathis of New Centurion Capital Partners,"When you have government intervention at the scale we have, you do something the markets abhor: you create uncertainty. We have uncertainty where markets are going and what the rules of the road will be."

Even more drastic are statements like those of Gary Kaminsky, former Managing Director at Neuberger Berman "You have to assume the government will be involved. You have to assume the free market is not as free as it was in the past and won't be for the next 20 years," Kaminsky said.

Of course what is not being said is that hedge funds have benefited from the bailout in countless ways. Many of the prime brokers to hedge funds could have been at risk had large financial institutions not received bailout money. Most hedge funds with a long-bias have also benefited from the massive injection of money into the system and the support of the financial sector.

Obama Administration to Introduce Hedge Fund Regulations

It appears the Obama Administration will seek some form of hedge fund regulation this week, though it is unclear how exactly they plan to regulate the 5000 or so US based funds. Obama and Geithner also plan to ann0unce regulations that will force certain derivatives onto exchanges with clearinghouses.

Obama and the Treasury are left with the task of convincing foreign leaders and corporations that the US financial system is still safe despite high profile failures of several hedge funds, and the downfall of some of the US' largest banks and brokerages.

Forcing derivatives including CDOs, CDS, and a whole host of other products onto exchanges would be likley to minimize counterparty risk and might encourage the responsible use of the more levered instruments.

Paul Volcker Urges Congress to Restrict Hedge Funds

Former Federal Reserve Chairman and current Obama economic advisor, Paul Volker, urged Congress today to place "strong restrictions" on hedge funds and private equity firms to ensure market stability.

Below are some quotes from Volker's testimony:

“We must not again leave the markets so vulnerable that a breakdown will again threaten the national and world economies"
Volker and Obama, July 28, 2008

We need "strong restrictions on risk-prone capital market activities -- hedge funds, equity funds, proprietary trading and the like"

"We are living in a difficult time for the economy, with unprecedented complexities, complications and risks for financial markets and financial institutions."

"There are problems with the present international monetary system that have not received sufficient attention,"

It remains to be seen, what, if any, restrictions or registration requirements Congress will impose on hedge funds, but there current economic and political climate will certainly make it tough for private capital to remain as opaque as it once was.

Hedge Fund Registration Discussed in Senate

The US Senate again began discussing the possibility of greater hedge fund regulations including broader registration requirements. Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa argued that hedge fund clients include pensions and other retirement funds, not just "fat cat" investors.

Read the full story:

Congress Shows Hedge Funds Some Love

The Waxman Witch Trial came to an abrupt halt as major hedge fund managers appeared before Congress. Though they were briefly asked about the systemic risks posed by hedge funds, Congressional members, Democrat and Republican, seemed to buy the argument that hedge funds pose far less systemic risk than the mainstream financial community.

Those managers present for the hearings were George Soros, Renaissance Technologies' Jim Simon, John Paulson Philip Falcone of Harbinger Capital and Ken Griffin of Citadel.

Another issue at stake was carried interest- A share of any profits that the general partners of private equity and hedge funds receive as compensation, despite not contributing any initial funds. This method of compensation seeks to motivate the general partner (fund manager) to work toward improving the fund's performance. Soros and Simons agreed that carried interest should be taxes as ordinary income, while Paulson, Falcone, and Griffin disagreed.

The hedge fund managers also supported more transparency, as long as that transparency applied only to regulators and not in " In the New York Times."

Democrat Jim Cooper noted, "The headline of this hearing is definitely Paulson vs. Paulson."

That seemed to be taking it too far for John Paulson who said, "I in no way want to be critical of Secretary Paulson," he said. "He's done a great deal for this country. He's willing to change his positions when the circumstances change."

I must say that while hedge funds are not primarily responsible for the current crisis, the sytemic risk posed by hedge funds is very real and should not be taken lightly.

Philip Falcone: Hedge Funds Not as Levered as Banks

Philip A. Falcone, Managing Director of Harbinger Capital Partners, testified in front of a Henry Waxman led congressional hearing just a few minutes ago. One of his most interesting quotes was roughly “I suspect the industry (hedge funds) in general is not nearly as levered as some of the banking institutions.”

Soros Testifies Before Congress

Soros says hedge fund assets (AUM) will decrease 50-70% in Congressional testimony. Says hedge funds need to be regulated and that excessive deregulation has created losses. Regulators should reactivate margin requirements.

Hedge Fund Managers to Apper Before Congress

After last month grilling Lehman CEO Richard Fuld, the same Congressional leaders has called upon several high-profile hedge fund managers to give testimony to discuss the failures of US financial institutions and the possible role of hedge funds.

Philip Falcone, Kenneth Griffin, John Paulson, James Simons and George Soros on Thursday are expected go before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. They will have several minutes each to make opening remarks, then will field questions from lawmakers, according to a committee spokeswoman.

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